Beth,
I would add to Bruce's description of the two "that"s:
In the relative clause, "that" has a slot to fill in the
clause itself--that of subject (and this is always true of the
relative pronouns and relative adverbs that introduce adjectival
clauses: pronouns fill a nominal slot or, in the case of the
possessive "whose," a determiner slot; relative adverbs
function as an adverbial in the clause); in the nominal clause,
"that" serves only as an introducer, a nominalizer, with no
function in the clause itself. Students who have learned
traditional diagramming can picture the nominalizer "that"
hovering over the clause, like an outsider; they can picture the
relative pronoun firmly settled on or attached to the clause's main
line.
I call the relative-clause "that" a relative pronoun
(I've learned only recently that this term is debatable); I call the
nominalizer "that" an expletive, as many traditional
grammarians do.
Martha
Beth,
I would like to mention how I approach
this with my students. This may help, though you seem to reach
the same point another way.
One function of an adjective is to
identify the reference of a noun. The noun also can serve to
help identify the reference of another noun. This is the
appositive. By the same token the noun clause and the
adjective clause can both have an identifying function. There
are a good number of particular nouns that need further
identification, and the noun clause is naturally used with them: fact,
claim, rumor, statement, decision, idea, etc. These all denote
concepts which are potentially worded as sentences. In
such cases it is possible to express (redundantly) both functions
(identifying adjective/statement) by repeating the connective
"that." Hence, "They espoused the belief that is
that God exists" has two connectives. The first "that"
is the connective of an adjective clause (relative, pointing to
"belief") and the second is the connective of the noun
clause. If you can build this redundant construction
logically, then you have the appositive.
Bruce
>>> [log in to unmask] 3/9/2005 7:45:48 AM >>>
Thanks, everyone. The "which"
test does work on sentence 1, but not
sentence 2. Maybe we idiomatically prefer "the fact that .
. . " or
maybe I should have agreed that sentence 2 was an appositive? I
can see
that it's definitely an appositive in the sentence "That fact,
that they
didn't like chocolate, surprised her"--but that's not the
same
sentence.
Ultimately, I guess it doesn't matter that much. These sentences
won't
appear on any test--the students wrote the sentences for a
different
activity. I can just agree that sometimes it's really hard to
tell what
a clause is doing, just like it's sometimes really hard to tell what
a
prepositional phrase is doing, and leave it at that.
Thanks,
Beth
>Here are a couple of example sentences with the suspected
appositives
>in brackets:
>
>1. The book, [that was titled 'Great Expectations',] was a
classic.
>
>2. The fact [that they didn't like chocolate] surprised her.
Beth Rapp Young
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~byoung
University of Central Florida
From Promise to Prominence: Celebrating 40 Years.
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