Actually, Bill, in my textbook Discovering English Grammar I used this example sentence: Quasimodo had to ring the bell. I couldn't help myself. Dick Veit _________________________________________________ Natalie, A number of the ESL textbooks I've used have adopted the rather memorable term "quasi-modal" for terms like "have to" and "ought to." They do, however, resist the urge to provide example sentences involving Notre Dame. --- Bill Spruiell To join or leave this LISTSERV list, please visit the list's web interface at: http://listserv.muohio.edu/archives/ateg.html and select "Join or leave the list" Visit ATEG's web site at http://ateg.org/