In my view, "by" is a regular preposition. And, yes, the noun clause "the speaker would need to breathe where" is the object of the preposition. Gerald At 03:46 PM 4/16/2009, you wrote: >Hello > >How would you analyze this sentence? > >These were determined by where the speaker would need to breathe. > >Is 'where the speaker would need to breathe' the object of the >preposition 'by'? Is 'determined by' possibly a phrasal verb? I >checked Longman's Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. It wasn't in there. >In either case would 'where the speaker would need to breathe' be a >nominal? I guess it could be. We can say 'where we go to dinner is >up to you,' for example. > >Janet >To join or leave this LISTSERV list, please visit the list's web >interface at: http://listserv.muohio.edu/archives/ateg.html and >select "Join or leave the list" > >Visit ATEG's web site at http://ateg.org/ To join or leave this LISTSERV list, please visit the list's web interface at: http://listserv.muohio.edu/archives/ateg.html and select "Join or leave the list" Visit ATEG's web site at http://ateg.org/