Ed’s comment made me curious, so I did a quick COCA
search. The ratio of [“. However ,” : “; however, “]
was 48268: 3627 (or, roughly, 13:1). There were 74,389 instances of comma-flanked
‘however’; the first few screens of these that I looked
through all seemed to conform to the “post-Subject” or “interrupter”
use of the word, but a couple of quick sub-searches found instances of “however”
used at the end of an independent clause which was followed by a second,
coordinate clause (e.g. “I was astonished, however, and Helmut was too”).
Of that type, there’s a predictable (in hindsight, at
least) disparity between cases using ‘and’ vs. those using ‘but’
, with the former much more common (the ratio was 1839:127, or roughly 14.5:1).
In general, ‘and’ is about six times as common as ‘but’,
so it’s probable that at least a proportion of that 14.5:1 disparity
is just mirroring a more basic one. I’m wondering, though, if the fact
that “however” and “but” share a number of
characteristics creates a more dissonant effect when they’re chained.
--- Bill Spruiell
From: Assembly for the Teaching of English
Grammar [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Craig Hancock
Sent: Monday, February 14, 2011 11:49 AM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: Conjunctive Adverbs, Prepositions, and Punctuation
Ed,
Nicely said. When adverbials move to the front of a clause,
they very often establish a thematic connection to the sentences before (or even
anticipate sentences to follow.) They have a strong role in establishing the
flow of discourse. It seems to me problematic to single out a few of those for
a special status and then generate a punctuation rule to apply only to them. It
seems that good writers happily ignore the advice.
These "conjunctive adverbs" are easy to paraphrase.
"Therefore" and "consequently" can be replaced by "as
a result." "Nevertheless" can mean something close to
"despite that." "On the other hand," in addition,"
additionally," "as a matter of fact," and "for
example" often float into that opening slot, doing much the same work.
"Then" is parallel to "first,"
"next," "last" or "finally." They open sentences
up quite often because of their thematic role. "First, we... Next, we....
Then, we.... Finally, we....." They are not locked into opening position
(nor are the so-called "conjunctive adverbs"), but it is a natural
place for them given their role in the discourse.
Craig
On 2/13/2011 1:40 PM, Edgar Schuster wrote:
John,
Although it is not your main concern, I would like to note
that a conjunctive adverbs MAY be preceded by a semicolon, but in fact
these words are far more often preceded by a period. This is true even in
handbooks that continue to tell students to use semicolons in that position,
and it is definitely true in professional writing of every kind I have ever
examined. My best guess is that the ratio of period to semicolon in
contemporary writing is close to 10 to 1.
Ed S
On Feb 11, 2011, at 3:57 PM, John Dews-Alexander wrote:
I want to check my own understanding of a few things. This
message might meander, but it goes somewhere, promise!
First, is this a very common punctuation standard?
A conjunctive adverb, when used to join two independent clauses, is preceded by
a semicolon and followed by a comma unless the conjunctive adverb is one
syllable, in which case the comma is not necessary.
Following this rule, we would write:
"The first freeze of winter arrived; however, the plants were saved due to
the gardener's efforts."
"The first freeze of winter arrived; then the gardener wept over his dead
plants."
Is this a punctuation convention that list members use?
Second, I'd like to ask about the word "then". It seems like a
prototypical conjunction, functioning to join a concept with a temporal
modifier. The example above would qualify as would this one, which uses the
conjunction as an adverbial NOT between two independent clauses:
"You are late. You go, then, to the back of the line.
But what about this:
"He turned the ignition then slammed his foot on the gas pedal."
"Then" is not functioning as a conjunctive adverb. It's neither
adverbial nor conjunctival (conjunction-like?). In this case is it functioning
as a preposition? If so, is the verb phrase "slammed his foot on the gas
pedal" serving as object of that preposition?
Am I on the right track here? I'm trying to answer a student question about why
our native instinct is to say:
Speaker A: "Who should go first?"
Speaker B: "You then me." (Instead of "You [go] then I [go].)
Is it "me" because it is serving as object of a preposition
("then")?
Thanks for weighing in on this!
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