I have to disagree with the idea that _unfortunately_ in "Unfortunately, he failed the test" modifies the verb and not the entire sentence. If it were to modify the verb, it would have a different meaning from that conveyed by the sentence, which is something like: "It is unfortunate that he failed the test." And in addition, I disagree that "According to Hoyle" is a 'participial.' There is no corresponding verb form that means the same as "according to" and most references cite it as a multi-word preposition. Finally, I do agree that the infinitive construction in complex transitive constructions with the verb _force_ is an "objective complement", though I call these 'predicate complements.' I give an extended discussion of such infinitives in my book _Grammar in Many Voices_ (1995), published by NTC Publishing Group in Lincolnwood IL. Marilyn Silva California State University, Hayward .