The only possibility I see in this translation is 'had to' or a synonymous phrase such as 'women were obliged to conform in their behavior to ...'. The past tense of 'must' in current English is 'had to'. 'Must have' reads only as a _surmisal_ or speculation about the past (the epistemic use of the modal), and, for me, carries no nuance of 'duty of the subject of the verb'. Anyone disagree with this? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Johanna Rubba Assistant Professor, Linguistics ~ English Department, California Polytechnic State University ~ San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 ~ Tel. (805)-756-2184 E-mail: [log in to unmask] ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~