A number of you have asked for the source material for the approach I take in Rhythms of Writing. I may be including more than anyone wants, but have decided it’s best to include those sources that I found most helpful. I have listed the sources under each approach mentioned in my previous email. 1. THE STRUCTURES OF WRITING AND TALKING ARE DIFFERENT. Chafe was instrumental in my thinking, yet others have also been helpful. I’ve included them in the following list. Brandt, Deborah. "Text and Context: How Writers Come to Mean." Functional Approaches to Writing. Ed. Barbara Couture. Norwood: Ablex, 1986. 93-107. - - -.Literacy as Involvement, Carbondale: SUP, 1990. Chafe, Wallace. "The Deployment of Consciousness in the Production of a Narrative." The Pear Stories: Cognitive, Cultural, and Linguistic Aspects of Narrative Production. Ed. Wallace Chafe. Norwood: Ablex, 1980. 9-51. - - -. "Linguistic Differences Produced by Differences Between Speaking and Writing." Literacy, Language, and Learning: The Nature and Consequences of Reading and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. 105-123. - - -. and Jane Danielewicz. "Properties of Spoken and Written Language." Comprehending Oral and Written Language. Ed. Rosalind Horowitz and S. Jay Samuels. San Diego: Academic, 1987. 83-112. (Same source Judy Diamondstone mentioned: great article.) - - -. "Writing in the Perspective of Speaking." Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches. Ed. Charles Cooper and Sidney Greenbaum. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1986. 12-39. Horowitz, Rosalind and S. Jay Samuels. "Comprehending Oral and Written Language: Critical Contrasts for Literacy and Schooling." Comprehending Oral and Written Language. San Diego: Academic, 1987. 1-46. Kroll, Barry. "Developmental Relationships between Speaking and Writing." Exploring Speaking-Writing Relationships. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1981. 32-54. Lakoff, Robin. "Some of My Favorite Writers are Literate: The Mingling of Oral and Literate Strategies in Written Communication." Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy. Ed. Deborah Tannen. Norwood, Ablex, 1982. 239-259. Schafer, John. "The Linguistic Analysis of Spoken and Written Texts." Exploring Speaking-Writing Relationships. Ed. Barry Kroll and Roberta Vann. Urbana: NCTE, 1981. 1-32. Shaughnessy, Mina. Errors and Expectations. New York: Oxford UP, 1977. Scinto, Leonard. Written Language and Psychological Development. Orlando: Academic, 1986. Tannen, Deborah. "The Myth of Orality and Literacy." Linguistics and Literacy. Ed. William Frawley. New York: Plenum, 1982. 37-50. - - -. "The Oral/Literate Continuum in Discourse." Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy. Ed. Deborah Tannen. Norwood: Ablex, 1982. 1-16. - - -. "Relative Focus on Involvement in Oral and Written Discourse." Literacy, Language, and Learning. Ed. David Olsen, Nancy Torrence, and Angela Hildyard. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. 124-147. What Writers Know: The Language, Process, and Structure of Written Discourse. Ed. Martin Nystrand. New York: Academic, 1982. (I refer to many of the above sources in "Say It, Don’t Write It: Oral Structures As Framework for Teaching Writing" Journal of Basic Writing, Spring 94. ) 2. LANGUAGE IS PROCESSED AND PRODUCED IN PHRASES AND CLAUSES. Clark, Herbert and Eve Clark. Psychology and Language. New York: Harcourt, 1977. Chafe, Wallace and Jane Danielewicz. "Properties of Spoken and Written Language." Comprehending Oral and Written Language. Ed. Rosalind Horowitz and S. Jay Samuels. San Diego: Academic, 1987. 83-112. Bereiter, Carl. "Implications of Connectionism for Thinking about Rules." Educational Researcher 20 (1991): 10-16. Flores d'Arcais, G. B. "The Perception of Complex Sentences." Studies in the Perception of Language. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978. 155-186.. Fodor, Jerry, Thomas Bever, and Merrill Garrett. The Psychology of Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics and Generative Grammar. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1974. Jarvella, Robert and Steven Herman. "Clause structure of Sentences and Speech Processing." Perception and Psychophysics 11 (1972): 381-383. Kintsch, Walter. "Approaches to the Study of the Psychology of Language." Talking Minds: The Study of Language in Cognitive Science. Eds. Thomas Bever, John Carroll and Lance Miller. Cambridge: MIT P, 1984. 111-145. Levelt, Willem. "A Survey of Studies in Sentence Perception: 1970-1976." Studies in the Perception of Language. Eds. Willem Levelt and G.B. Flores d’Arcais. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978. 1-74. Scardamelia, Marlene, Carl Bereiter and Hillel Goelman. "The Role of Production Factors in Writing Ability." What Writers Know: The Language, Process, and Structure of Written Discourse. New York: Academic P, 1982. 173-210. Wakefield, James, Peggy Bradley, Byong-Hee Lee Yom, and Eugene Doughtie. "Language Switching and Constituent Structure." Language and Speech 18 (1975): 14-19. Wingfiled, Arthur and Jan Klein. "Syntactic Structure and Acoustic Pattern in Speech Perception." Perception and Psychophysics 9 (1971): 23-25. 3. LANGUAGE IS ACQUIRED BY INTERNALIZING PATTERNS. McClelland and Rumelhart are hard reading; Williams led me to them. Williams set off a light bulb for me. McClelland, James, David Rumelhart, and G. Hinton. "The Appeal of Parallel Distributed Processing." Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 1: Foundations. Eds. James McClelland and David Rumelhart. Cambridge: MIT P, 1986. 3-44. Rumelhart, David and James McClelland. "On Learning the Past Tenses of English Verbs." Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models. Eds. James McClelland and David Rumelhart. Cambridge: MITP, 1986. 216-271. Williams, James D. "Rule-governed Approaches to Language and Composition." Written Communication 10 (1993): 542-568. (I refer to many of the sources listed here in "The Patterns of Language: Perspective on Teaching Writing." Teaching English in the Two-Year College. May 1997.) That’s it for the list. Hopefully the words and lines do not get too skewed in transmission! Pam Pam Dykstra English Department, South Suburban College South Holland, IL 60473-9978 Tel: 708-596-2000 Ext. 2648 Email: [log in to unmask]