Dikötter, Frank
  Narcotic culture : a history of drugs in China / Frank Dikötter, Lars 
Laamann, Zhou Xun
Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2004


CONTENTS
Acknowledgements page v
Conventions xi
1. Introduction 1
2. The Global Spread of Psychoactive Substances
(c. 1600-1900) 10
The psychoactive revolution 10
Opium in Europe and Asia 16
The opium trade in East Asia 21
3. Opium before the Opium War (c. 1600-1840) 24
Tobacco and the culture of smoke 24
Minerals, alcohol and tea culture 29
The spread of madak, c. 1660?1780 32
 From madak to opium, c. 1780?1820 36
Traders, pirates and opium, 1793?1820 39
War on drugs: The Opium War? 42
4. Opium for the People: Status, Space and
Consumption (c. 1840-1940) 46
The expansion of opium culture 46
Varieties of opium 49
Estimates of opium consumption 51
Opium as social status 57
Opium consumption and consumer taste 62
The myth of the opium den 65
Opium for the people 68
Opium and suicide 70
vii
5. The Best Possible and Sure Shield: Opium,
Disease and Epidemics (c. 1840-1940) 74
Opium as a medical panacea 75
Prophylactic smoke and infectious diseases 79
Opium, narcotine and malaria 83
Opium as a social aphrodisiac 88
6. War on Drugs: Prohibition and the Rise of
Narcophobia (c. 1880-1940) 93
The horrors: Missionary debates on prohibition 96
Resisting cultural imperialism: The Royal Commission
on Opium 101
Nationalism and prohibition in late imperial China 104
Narcophobia and the opium plague in republican
China 111
7. Curing the Addict: Prohibition and Detoxification
(c. 1880-1940) 118
 From dross to morphine: Miracle cures in the nineteenth
century 119
Missionary asylums and the opium vice 122
The great confinement: The persecution of opiate users
in republican China 125
Prohibition and detoxification 130
Killing to cure: Detoxification treatments against
addiction 135
Capital crimes: The judicial killing of addicts 142
8. Pills and Powders: The Spread of Semi-Synthetic
Opiates (c. 1900-1940) 146
The new panacea: Morphine 147
Medical culture, miracle cures and magic pills 151
Heroin: The gentle drug 155
Red terror: The mysterious red pills 156
Golden elixirs and white powders 160
Heroin as a global commodity 165
viii CONTENTS
The resilience of opium smoking 170
9. Needle Lore: The Syringe in China (c. 1890-1950) 173
Needle culture 174
Hypodermic morphine and the magic needle 176
Syringes, vaccines, patents and quacks 179
Narcotic culture and the syringe 184
10. China?s Other Drugs (c. 1900-1950) 192
 From dionine to methadone 192
The stimulants: Cocaine and ephedrine 195
China's non-problem: Cannabis 199
A marker of modernity: The cigarette 201
11. Conclusion 206
Bibliography 270
Archival sources 270
Printed primary sources 273
Secondary sources 292
Character List 307
Index 313