Do accountants monotonically "tend see things as right or wrong (to the penny)"? And are legal "balancing tests" and "fair use" not attempts by attorneys to force "clear cut answers" on questions that are inherently not clear cut?

The history of the interaction between law and accounting reveals an accounting profession of at least two (very emphatic) minds on the merits of "clear cut answers" and that attorneys have been just as "wobbly" as some accountants when it comes to managing earnings.* Anyway, doesn't "wobbly" imply variation or statistical error, which are the antithesis of "clear cut"?

* This history and related themes are explored in my article Wink, Wink, Nudge Judge: Persuading U.S. Courts to Take Accountants Seriously in Federal Securities Cases, with Help from the U.K. Companies Act (forthcoming in the Tennessee Journal of Business Law, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2554817).


Kurt S. Schulzke, JD, CPA, CFE 
Associate Professor of Accounting & Business Law 
Director - Law, Ethics & Regulation 
Corporate Governance Center 
Kennesaw State University 
+ 1-470-578-6379 (O) 
+ 1-404-861-5729 (C)
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/kurtschulzke/  

----- Original Message -----
From: "Brian Halsey" <[log in to unmask]>
To: [log in to unmask]
Sent: Saturday, April 18, 2015 10:18:06 AM
Subject: Re: Fair Use Question

I agree! Thank you to everyone for your help. 

Brian 
______________________________ 
Brian J. Halsey, J.D., LL.M., CISSP 
Associate Professor of Business Law, West Chester University 
Chair, Course Delivery, CAPC Academic Review Committee 

From: Dawn D Bennett-Alexander < [log in to unmask] > 
Reply-To: "Academy of Legal Studies in Business (ALSB) Talk" < [log in to unmask] > 
Date: Friday, April 17, 2015 at 4:07 PM 
To: " [log in to unmask] " < [log in to unmask] > 
Subject: Re: Fair Use Question 

I swear to you ALSB, these kinds of exchanges make me feel so pleased to have had you guys to turn to over the past 33 years. What amazing folks you are. Thank you. 

On Fri, Apr 17, 2015 at 3:04 PM, Halsey, Brian < [log in to unmask] > wrote: 

Hi everyone; 

I’d like some help – if you care to – to settle a little debate between myself and a member of our accounting department. 

Accountants tend to see things as right or wrong (to the penny), so when I get into discussions of balancing tests and fair use and “maybe" I tend to lose the faculty member because we attorneys can’t always give clear cut answers. 



The substance of our debate is about copyright and fair use. My colleague contends that his proposed theoretical use of the test banks and PowerPoints from a previous edition accounting text that he once adopted but has now abandoned is a fair use exception to the copyright statutes. He theoretically provides his own primary materials, but still relies on the old edition’s supplements. His statement was that “you can’t copyright a debit or credit.” My response was that he was correct - you can’t copyright debit or credit. Just like I can’t copyright the elements of a valid contract or the text of the 4th Amendment. But you can copyright the PowerPoint or problem or example that illustrates it. 



Let’s assume that the publisher has not granted him a license to use these materials unless he actually has currently adopted the corresponding text. Again, he provides his own primary materials. 



My understanding is that the basic concept of fair use under 17 U.S.C.A. § 107 permits the use of copyrighted works for purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. In a determination of the applicability of a fair use defense, courts have generally placed the most emphasis “on the effect of the use upon the potential market for the plaintiff's work.” 



The statute gives us a balancing test too. My contention is that using a non-adopted (or previously adopted and then abandoned) text’s copyrighted supplements for educational purposes in the same type of course that the copyrighted text originally covered, would, using the factors of the four part balancing test, be a copyright violation. 



1. The courts will look to the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes. Here, this is for non-profit purposes . 




2. The courts will also look to the nature of the copyrighted work. Here this is a supplement targeted towards the exact same type of course – there is no transformational use or repurposing. He’d use the same test banks, PowerPoints and sample problems that came from the original, out of print text. 

3. The courts will also look to the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole. Here, for the purposes of our discussion, substantially all of the supplemental materials (PowerPoints and problems) that were in the original supplemental are theoretically being used in the current course. 

4. The courts will also look to the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. Here, I contend that this would directly undercut the potential market for the publisher’s existing text. “. . . the central question . . . is not whether Defendants' use of Plaintiffs' works caused Plaintiffs to lose some potential revenue. Rather, it is whether Defendants' use—taking into account the damage that might occur if “everybody did it”—would cause substantial economic harm such that allowing it would frustrate the purposes of copyright by materially impairing Defendants' incentive to publish the work.” Cambridge University Press v. Patton, 769 F.3d 1232, 1276 (11 th Cir. 2014). 

Does anyone have any insight? Does it matter that the edition is out of print? Anything that you may know on this is appreciated. 

Thanks! Brian 




______________________________ 
Brian J. Halsey, J.D., LL.M., CISSP 
Associate Professor of Business Law, West Chester University 
Chair, Course Delivery, CAPC Academic Review Committee 







-- 











Dawn D. Bennett-Alexander, Esq. 
Associate Professor of Employment Law & Legal Studies 
2011 recipient of the President's MLK, Jr. Fulfilling the Dream Award 
Dept. of Insurance, Legal Studies, & Real Estate 
202 Brooks Hall 
Terry College of Business 
University of Georgia 
Athens, GA 30602 


(706)338-2293 
[log in to unmask] 
http://www.terry.uga.edu/~dawndba/ 
You can view my research at SSRN online: http://ssrn.com/author=1628869 

"I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear." Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.