David, Scott color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Rehm, J., Baliunas, D., Borges, G.L.G., Graham, K., Irving, H.M., Kehoe, T., Parry, C.D., Patra, J., Popova, S., Poznyak,V., Roerecke, M., Room, R., Samokhvalov, A.V., color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(2010). The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease - an overview. _Addiction _105(5):817-843. ... there is ample anecdotal evidence of alcohol intoxication as the source of 'liquid courage' in collective violence [217] and as being used to amplify cruelty in wartime (e.g. [217,218]). Thus, Mueller [217] notes that the killing squads at Srebrenica were often shored up with generous quantities of liquor, as was typical for the wars in former Yugoslavia. In the Rwanda genocide, massacres were often committed by drunken militia bands, fortified with assorted drugs from pharmacies [219]. Similarly, there are reports documenting the intoxication involved in the purposive violence of football hooligan crowds [220]. 217. Mueller J. The banality of 'ethnic war'. _Int Secur _2000; 25:42-70. 218. Moskalewicz J. Monopolization of the alcohol arena by the state. _Contemp Drug Prob _1985; 12: 117-28. 219. Gourevitch P. _We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families_. New York: Farrar, Straus, ">Giroux; 1998. 220. Buford B. _Among the Thugs_. London & New York: Secker "> -- Robin On Tue, 14 Dec 2010 02:47:48 EST, [log in to unmask] wrote: Dear David and ADHS Listserv: Thanks for your post. I am working on alcohol policy and regulation under the Vichy collaborationist regime and find much material on extra wine rations for workers doing hard manual labor and at the same time increasing restrictions placed on the sale of aperitifs and the sale of alcohol in cafes. Thanks, all the best, Scott In Forces of Habit I described the provision of extra alcohol rations for German troops and their adjuncts involved in both regular military and "special" actions, such as participation in mass executions (pp. 143-144). I have since come across several references to similar uses of alcohol in the Holocaust literature, e.g., in Christopher Browning's Ordinary Men. I do not recall, however, any cases of the Germans distributing alcohol in amounts or circumstances that would be likely to foment rebellion. I would also stress, with Frederick Smith, that the use of alcohol as an incentive for work (particularly for difficult, unpleasant, and/or morally compromised work) has a long and extensive history. Comparatively speaking, I don't see anything unusual in the Germans' "incentivizing" behavior. David T. Courtwright Presidential Professor Department of History University of North Florida 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224-2645 USA email: [log in to unmask]; office phone: 904 620-1872; office fax 904 620-1018; home phone 904 745-0530 ________________________________________ From: Alcohol and Drugs History Society [[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Frederick H. Smith [[log in to unmask]] Sent: Monday, December 13, 2010 10:35 AM To: [log in to unmask] Subject: Re: Nazi alcohol policies in occupied Europe In my book Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History I explore this issue in a different context. White sugar planters doled out huge amounts of rum to enslaved workers on their estates, but they were ambivalent about the practice. On the one hand planters used rum as a reward for good work and as a work incentive. It was also given out during holidays, such as Christmas and cropover. However, slave revolts and rebellions were frequent during these holiday celebrations. Moreover, the planters wanted a productive workforce and turned a blind eye to drinking and drunkenness as long as it did not interfere with productive labor (the source of the planters' power). In short, planter discussions of drinking by their enslaved workers reveal a strong ambivalence. Rum was a tool of domination, but it was also a key instrument in fomenting rebellion. ------ Frederick H. Smith Associate Professor College of William and Mary Department of Anthropology Washington Hall PO Box 8795 Williamsburg, VA 23187 Email: [log in to unmask] Phone: 757-221-1063 ---- Original message ---- >Date: Mon, 13 Dec 2010 08:36:43 -0500 >From: David Fahey >Subject: Nazi alcohol policies in occupied Europe >To: [log in to unmask] > >I recall at a conference hearing a Polish scholar say that his father, >a railroad worker during the Nazi occupation, received vodka for good >work. Providing alcohol to occupied populations had many >complications. Did drunkenness encourage rebellion or acquiescence? >As in the example cited, could it be used to enforce good behavior? >Did Nazi policy vary from country to country? > >-- >David M. Fahey >Professor Emeritus of History >Miami University >Oxford, Ohio 45056 >USA=