Hello all Not necessarily about alcohol, but here goes: I am trying to find out if addiction specialists actually did any empirical examinations of the physical effects of addictive drugs like opium at the turn of the century (19th-20th). Was anyone feeding opium to birds or other animals to try to make some conclusions about physical effects? I seem to remember Kerr talking about experiments in his 1894 edition of Inebriety or narcomania, but I wonder how prevalent were these types of experiments. Or were addiction investigators just looking at people who were already addicted, and making conclusions. Thanks in advance Dan Malleck Departments of History Royal Military College, Kingston Queen's University, Kingston Home# 613-547-4341 <http://qlink.queensu.ca/~3djm24/links.htm> <http://qlink.queensu.ca/~3djm24/indiefsh.htm> "So we starve all the teachers, and recruit more marines; How come we don't even know what that means?" -Joe Jackson